diff --git a/frontend/src/core/models/api.ts b/frontend/src/core/models/api.ts
index 362bb0d7..d0babc18 100644
--- a/frontend/src/core/models/api.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/core/models/api.ts
@@ -4,6 +4,15 @@ import type { Model } from "./types";
 
 export async function loadModels() {
   const res = await fetch(`${getBackendBaseURL()}/api/models`);
+  
+  if (res.status >= 500 && res.status < 600) {
+    throw new Error(`Server error: ${res.status}`);
+  }
+  
+  if (!res.ok) {
+    throw new Error(`HTTP error: ${res.status}`);
+  }
+  
   const { models } = (await res.json()) as { models: Model[] };
   return models;
 }
diff --git a/frontend/src/core/models/hooks.ts b/frontend/src/core/models/hooks.ts
index 2becbbbc..f0fa7536 100644
--- a/frontend/src/core/models/hooks.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/core/models/hooks.ts
@@ -1,13 +1,34 @@
 import { useQuery } from "@tanstack/react-query";
+import { useEffect } from "react";
+import { toast } from "sonner";
 
 import { loadModels } from "./api";
+import type { Model } from "./types";
 
 export function useModels({ enabled = true }: { enabled?: boolean } = {}) {
-  const { data, isLoading, error } = useQuery({
+  const { data, isLoading, error } = useQuery<Model[], Error>({
     queryKey: ["models"],
     queryFn: () => loadModels(),
     enabled,
     refetchOnWindowFocus: false,
+    retry: (failureCount, queryError) => {
+      if (queryError.message.startsWith("HTTP error: 4")) {
+        return false;
+      }
+      return failureCount < 1;
+    },
   });
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    // React Query v5 removed per-query onError callbacks from useQuery options.
+    if (error?.message.includes("Server error: 5")) {
+      toast.error("系统正在更新-5，请稍候……");
+    }
+
+    if (error?.message.includes("HTTP error: 4")) {
+      toast.error("模型接口不可用，请检查后端路由或服务状态。");
+    }
+  }, [error]);
+
   return { models: data ?? [], isLoading, error };
 }