refactor: 不使用硬编码，而全部使用i18n

frontend/src/app/workspace/chats/[thread_id]/page.tsx

@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ export default function ChatPage() {
   const currentSlogan = motivationSlogans[
     sloganIndex % motivationSlogans.length
   ] ?? {
-    text: "来，一起学习工作吧",
+    text: t.chatPage.defaultSlogan,
     color: "#333333",
   };
   const tickerCharacterList = useMemo(() => {
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ export default function ChatPage() {
     if (!safeThreadId) {
       if (!warnedMissingThreadIdRef.current) {
         warnedMissingThreadIdRef.current = true;
-        toast.error("缺少 thread_id，无法创建会话");
+        toast.error(t.chatPage.missingThreadIdForCreate);
       }
       return;
     }
@@ -156,9 +156,15 @@ export default function ChatPage() {
       })
       .catch(() => {
         initializedThreadRef.current = null;
-        toast.error("会话创建失败，请稍后重试");
+        toast.error(t.chatPage.createSessionFailed);
       });
-  }, [apiClient, isNewThread, safeThreadId]);
+  }, [
+    apiClient,
+    isNewThread,
+    safeThreadId,
+    t.chatPage.createSessionFailed,
+    t.chatPage.missingThreadIdForCreate,
+  ]);
 
   // 监听宿主页 selectedSkill 消息
   const {
@@ -183,7 +189,7 @@ export default function ChatPage() {
     },
     onFinish: (state) => {
       if (document.hidden || !document.hasFocus()) {
-        let body = "Conversation finished";
+        let body = t.chatPage.conversationFinished;
         const lastMessage = state.messages.at(-1);
         if (lastMessage) {
           const textContent = textOfMessage(lastMessage);
@@ -235,12 +241,13 @@ export default function ChatPage() {
         ? thread.values.title
         : t.pages.untitled;
     if (thread.isThreadLoading) {
-      document.title = `Loading... - ${t.pages.appName}`;
+      document.title = `${t.common.loading} - ${t.pages.appName}`;
     } else {
       document.title = `${pageTitle} - ${t.pages.appName}`;
     }
   }, [
     isNewThread,
+    t.common.loading,
     t.pages.newChat,
     t.pages.untitled,
     t.pages.appName,
@@ -283,7 +290,7 @@ export default function ChatPage() {
         return;
       }
       if (isNewThread && !safeThreadId) {
-        toast.error("缺少 thread_id，无法发送消息");
+        toast.error(t.chatPage.missingThreadIdForSend);
         return;
       }
       setHasSubmitted(true);
@@ -299,6 +306,7 @@ export default function ChatPage() {
       safeThreadId,
       sendMessage,
       showWelcomeStyle,
+      t.chatPage.missingThreadIdForSend,
     ],
   );
   const handleStop = useCallback(async () => {
@@ -407,7 +415,7 @@ export default function ChatPage() {
                   /> */}
 
                   {artifacts?.length > 0 && !artifactsOpen && (
-                    <Tooltip content="点击可查看生成的文件结果">
+                    <Tooltip content={t.chatPage.viewArtifactsTooltip}>
                       <Button
                         data-testid="artifacts-open-button"
                         className="text-[#150033] hover:text-[#150033]/80"
@@ -487,8 +495,8 @@ export default function ChatPage() {
                   {thread.values.artifacts?.length === 0 ? (
                     <ConversationEmptyState
                       icon={<FilesIcon />}
-                      title="No artifact selected"
+                      title={t.chatPage.noArtifactSelectedTitle}
-                      description="Select an artifact to view its details"
+                      description={t.chatPage.noArtifactSelectedDescription}
                     />
                   ) : (
                     <div className="flex size-full max-w-(--container-width-sm) flex-col justify-center">
@@ -594,10 +602,10 @@ export default function ChatPage() {
         <DevDialog open={showExitDialog} onOpenChange={setShowExitDialog}>
           <DevDialogContent>
             <DevDialogHeader>
-              <DevDialogTitle>提示</DevDialogTitle>
+              <DevDialogTitle>{t.chatPage.exitDialogTitle}</DevDialogTitle>
             </DevDialogHeader>
             <p className="text-muted-foreground text-sm">
-              历史记录每七天自动删除，现在将返回欢迎页，是否继续？
+              {t.chatPage.exitDialogDescription}
             </p>
             <DevDialogFooter>
               <Button
@@ -605,7 +613,7 @@ export default function ChatPage() {
                 variant="ghost"
                 onClick={() => setShowExitDialog(false)}
               >
-                取消
+                {t.common.cancel}
               </Button>
               <Button
                 className="w-full bg-[#f9f8fa] hover:bg-[#8E47F0] hover:text-white"
@@ -631,7 +639,7 @@ export default function ChatPage() {
                   );
                 }}
               >
-                确定
+                {t.chatPage.exitDialogConfirm}
               </Button>
             </DevDialogFooter>
           </DevDialogContent>
@@ -647,11 +655,11 @@ export default function ChatPage() {
           <DevDialogContent>
             <DevDialogHeader>
               <DevDialogTitle>
-                ⚠️ {selectedSkillError?.title ?? "技能加载失败"}
+                ⚠️ {selectedSkillError?.title ?? t.chatPage.selectedSkillLoadFailed}
               </DevDialogTitle>
             </DevDialogHeader>
             <p className="text-muted-foreground text-sm">
-              {selectedSkillError?.message ?? "发生了未知错误，请稍后重试。"}
+              {selectedSkillError?.message ?? t.chatPage.unknownErrorRetry}
             </p>
             <DevDialogFooter singleColumn>
               <Button
@@ -659,7 +667,7 @@ export default function ChatPage() {
                 variant="ghost"
                 onClick={clearSelectedSkillError}
               >
-                关闭
+                {t.common.close}
               </Button>
             </DevDialogFooter>
           </DevDialogContent>

frontend/src/components/ai-elements/prompt-input.tsx

@@ -1153,19 +1153,19 @@ export const PromptInputSubmit = ({
 
   let Icon = <ArrowUpIcon className="size-4" />;
 
-  let text: string = "发送";
+  let text: string = t.inputBox.submit;
 
   if (status === "submitted") {
     Icon = <Loader2Icon className="size-4 animate-spin" />;
-    text = "生成中...";
+    text = t.inputBox.submitting;
   } else if (status === "streaming") {
     Icon = <SquareIcon className="size-4" />;
-    text = "停止";
+    text = t.inputBox.stop;
   } else if (status === "error") {
     // 没有报错状态，先用error状态代替
     Icon = <XIcon className="size-4" />;
     // MARK: 这里后端没有返回错误信息，先写死一个文本
-    text = "发送";
+    text = t.inputBox.submit;
   }
 
   return (

frontend/src/components/workspace/artifacts/artifact-file-detail.tsx

@@ -210,8 +210,18 @@ export function ArtifactFileDetail({
       artifactUrl,
       fileName,
       kind: artifactPreviewKind,
+      pdfPreviewMessage: t.artifactPreview.pdfPreviewFailed,
+      unsupportedTypeMessage: t.artifactPreview.unsupportedType,
+      openInNewTabLabel: t.artifactPreview.openInNewTab,
     });
-  }, [artifactUrl, fileName, artifactPreviewKind]);
+  }, [
+    artifactUrl,
+    fileName,
+    artifactPreviewKind,
+    t.artifactPreview.openInNewTab,
+    t.artifactPreview.pdfPreviewFailed,
+    t.artifactPreview.unsupportedType,
+  ]);
   // Native PDF iframe rendering is intentionally disabled; PDFs are rendered via pdf.js.
   const artifactViewerSrc = useMemo(() => {
     return undefined;
@@ -954,6 +964,7 @@ function ArtifactPdfPreview({
   artifactUrl: string;
   fileName: string;
 }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n();
   const [isLoading, setIsLoading] = useState(true);
   const [error, setError] = useState<string | null>(null);
   const [pageCount, setPageCount] = useState(0);
@@ -1033,7 +1044,7 @@ function ArtifactPdfPreview({
       } catch (err) {
         console.error("Failed to render pdf preview:", err);
         if (!disposed) {
-          setError("无法预览该 PDF 文件，请下载后查看。");
+          setError(t.artifactPreview.pdfPreviewFailed);
         }
       } finally {
         if (!disposed) {
@@ -1047,7 +1058,7 @@ function ArtifactPdfPreview({
     return () => {
       disposed = true;
     };
-  }, [artifactUrl]);
+  }, [artifactUrl, t.artifactPreview.pdfPreviewFailed]);
 
   if (error) {
     return (
@@ -1061,7 +1072,7 @@ function ArtifactPdfPreview({
             target="_blank"
             rel="noopener noreferrer"
           >
-            在新标签页打开
+            {t.artifactPreview.openInNewTab}
           </a>
         </div>
       </div>
@@ -1071,7 +1082,9 @@ function ArtifactPdfPreview({
   return (
     <div className={cn("relative overflow-auto bg-[#f8f9fb] p-4", className)}>
       <div className="mb-3 text-center text-xs text-[#667085]">
-        {pageCount > 0 ? `${fileName} · ${pageCount} page(s)` : fileName}
+        {pageCount > 0
+          ? t.artifactPreview.pageCountLabel(fileName, pageCount)
+          : fileName}
       </div>
       <div ref={containerRef} />
       {isLoading && (
@@ -1094,6 +1107,7 @@ function ArtifactOfficePreview({
   artifactUrl: string;
   fileName: string;
 }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n();
   const [isLoading, setIsLoading] = useState(true);
   const [error, setError] = useState<string | null>(null);
   const [sheetNames, setSheetNames] = useState<string[]>([]);
@@ -1138,7 +1152,7 @@ function ArtifactOfficePreview({
       } catch (err) {
         console.error("Failed to render docx preview:", err);
         if (!disposed) {
-          setError("无法预览该 DOCX 文件。");
+          setError(t.artifactPreview.docxPreviewFailed);
         }
       } finally {
         if (!disposed) {
@@ -1151,7 +1165,7 @@ function ArtifactOfficePreview({
     return () => {
       disposed = true;
     };
-  }, [artifactUrl, canRenderDocx]);
+  }, [artifactUrl, canRenderDocx, t.artifactPreview.docxPreviewFailed]);
 
   useEffect(() => {
     let disposed = false;
@@ -1186,7 +1200,7 @@ function ArtifactOfficePreview({
       } catch (err) {
         console.error("Failed to render xlsx preview:", err);
         if (!disposed) {
-          setError("无法预览该 Excel 文件。");
+          setError(t.artifactPreview.excelPreviewFailed);
         }
       } finally {
         if (!disposed) {
@@ -1199,7 +1213,7 @@ function ArtifactOfficePreview({
     return () => {
       disposed = true;
     };
-  }, [artifactUrl, canRenderXlsx]);
+  }, [artifactUrl, canRenderXlsx, t.artifactPreview.excelPreviewFailed]);
 
   useEffect(() => {
     if (!canRenderXlsx || !activeSheet || !workbookRef.current) {
@@ -1213,9 +1227,9 @@ function ArtifactOfficePreview({
       setXlsxRows(rows);
     } catch (err) {
       console.error("Failed to switch xlsx sheet:", err);
-      setError("切换工作表失败。");
+      setError(t.artifactPreview.switchSheetFailed);
     }
-  }, [activeSheet, canRenderXlsx]);
+  }, [activeSheet, canRenderXlsx, t.artifactPreview.switchSheetFailed]);
 
   useEffect(() => {
     if (!canRenderXlsx || !xlsxGridContainerRef.current) {
@@ -1247,7 +1261,7 @@ function ArtifactOfficePreview({
       } catch (err) {
         console.error("Failed to render RevoGrid preview:", err);
         if (!disposed) {
-          setError("无法渲染 Excel 网格预览。");
+          setError(t.artifactPreview.excelGridPreviewFailed);
         }
       }
     }
@@ -1257,14 +1271,19 @@ function ArtifactOfficePreview({
     return () => {
       disposed = true;
     };
-  }, [canRenderXlsx, xlsxColumns, xlsxRows]);
+  }, [
+    canRenderXlsx,
+    xlsxColumns,
+    xlsxRows,
+    t.artifactPreview.excelGridPreviewFailed,
+  ]);
   useEffect(() => {
     if (!canRenderPptx) {
       return;
     }
     setIsLoading(false);
-    setError("请下载ppt文件以获得最佳效果");
+    setError(t.artifactPreview.pptxDownloadHint);
-  }, [canRenderPptx]);
+  }, [canRenderPptx, t.artifactPreview.pptxDownloadHint]);
 
   return (
     <div className={cn("relative h-full overflow-hidden bg-white", className)}>
@@ -1328,6 +1347,7 @@ function ArtifactPreviewFallback({
   fileName: string;
   artifactUrl: string;
 }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n();
   return (
     <div className="absolute inset-0 z-20 grid place-content-center bg-white p-6 text-center">
       <p className="text-foreground mb-2 text-sm font-medium">{fileName}</p>
@@ -1338,7 +1358,7 @@ function ArtifactPreviewFallback({
         target="_blank"
         rel="noreferrer"
       >
-        点击下载
+        {t.artifactPreview.clickToDownload}
       </a>
     </div>
   );
@@ -1459,13 +1479,22 @@ function buildArtifactViewerSrcDoc({
   artifactUrl,
   fileName,
   kind,
+  pdfPreviewMessage,
+  unsupportedTypeMessage,
+  openInNewTabLabel,
 }: {
   artifactUrl: string;
   fileName: string;
   kind: ArtifactPreviewKind;
+  pdfPreviewMessage: string;
+  unsupportedTypeMessage: string;
+  openInNewTabLabel: string;
 }) {
   const safeUrl = escapeHtml(artifactUrl);
   const safeName = escapeHtml(fileName);
+  const safePdfPreviewMessage = escapeHtml(pdfPreviewMessage);
+  const safeUnsupportedTypeMessage = escapeHtml(unsupportedTypeMessage);
+  const safeOpenInNewTabLabel = escapeHtml(openInNewTabLabel);
 
   const content = (() => {
     if (kind === "image") {
@@ -1480,8 +1509,8 @@ function buildArtifactViewerSrcDoc({
     if (kind === "pdf") {
       return `<div class="fallback">
       <p class="title">${safeName}</p>
-      <p class="desc">PDF preview is temporarily disabled. Please download the file to view it.</p>
+      <p class="desc">${safePdfPreviewMessage}</p>
-      <a class="link" href="${safeUrl}" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Open in new tab</a>
+      <a class="link" href="${safeUrl}" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">${safeOpenInNewTabLabel}</a>
     </div>`;
     }
     if (kind === "html") {
@@ -1489,8 +1518,8 @@ function buildArtifactViewerSrcDoc({
     }
     return `<div class="fallback">
       <p class="title">${safeName}</p>
-      <p class="desc">This file type is not previewable in the custom viewer.</p>
+      <p class="desc">${safeUnsupportedTypeMessage}</p>
-      <a class="link" href="${safeUrl}" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Open in new tab</a>
+      <a class="link" href="${safeUrl}" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">${safeOpenInNewTabLabel}</a>
     </div>`;
   })();
 
@@ -1622,6 +1651,7 @@ export const ArtifactZoomSelector = ({
   className,
   ...props
 }: ArtifactZoomSelectorProps) => {
+  const { t } = useI18n();
   const handleZoomIn = () => {
     const currentIndex = ZOOM_LEVELS.indexOf(value);
     const nextValue = ZOOM_LEVELS[currentIndex + 1];
@@ -1660,7 +1690,7 @@ export const ArtifactZoomSelector = ({
           "disabled:cursor-not-allowed disabled:opacity-40 disabled:hover:bg-transparent",
           "dark:text-muted-foreground dark:hover:bg-muted dark:hover:text-foreground",
         )}
-        aria-label="放大"
+        aria-label={t.artifactPreview.zoomIn}
       >
         <svg
           xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
@@ -1700,7 +1730,7 @@ export const ArtifactZoomSelector = ({
           "disabled:cursor-not-allowed disabled:opacity-40 disabled:hover:bg-transparent",
           "dark:text-muted-foreground dark:hover:bg-muted dark:hover:text-foreground",
         )}
-        aria-label="缩小"
+        aria-label={t.artifactPreview.zoomOut}
       >
         <svg
           xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"

frontend/src/components/workspace/artifacts/artifact-file-list.tsx

@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ export function ArtifactFileList({
                 });
               }}
             >
-              引用
+              {t.common.reference}
             </ContextMenuItem>
           </ContextMenuContent>
         </ContextMenu>

frontend/src/components/workspace/artifacts/artifact-trigger.tsx

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ export const ArtifactTrigger = () => {
     return null;
   }
   return (
-    <Tooltip content="Show artifacts of this conversation">
+    <Tooltip content={t.artifactPreview.showArtifactsTooltip}>
       <Button
         className="text-muted-foreground hover:text-foreground"
         variant="ghost"

frontend/src/components/workspace/chats/chat-box.tsx

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import {
   ResizablePanel,
   ResizablePanelGroup,
 } from "@/components/ui/resizable";
+import { useI18n } from "@/core/i18n/hooks";
 import { env } from "@/env";
 import { cn } from "@/lib/utils";
 
@@ -27,6 +28,7 @@ const ChatBox: React.FC<{
   children: React.ReactNode;
   threadId: string | undefined;
 }> = ({ children, threadId }) => {
+  const { t } = useI18n();
   const { thread } = useThread();
   const pathname = usePathname();
   const threadIdRef = useRef(threadId);
@@ -152,13 +154,13 @@ const ChatBox: React.FC<{
               {thread.values.artifacts?.length === 0 ? (
                 <ConversationEmptyState
                   icon={<FilesIcon />}
-                  title="No artifact selected"
+                  title={t.chatPage.noArtifactSelectedTitle}
-                  description="Select an artifact to view its details"
+                  description={t.chatPage.noArtifactSelectedDescription}
                 />
               ) : (
                 <div className="flex size-full max-w-(--container-width-sm) flex-col justify-center p-4 pt-8">
                   <header className="shrink-0">
-                    <h2 className="text-lg font-medium">Artifacts</h2>
+                    <h2 className="text-lg font-medium">{t.common.artifacts}</h2>
                   </header>
                   <main className="min-h-0 grow">
                     <ArtifactFileList

frontend/src/components/workspace/input-box.tsx

@@ -99,11 +99,6 @@ import type { AppRouterInstance } from "next/dist/shared/lib/app-router-context.
 
 const MAX_REFERENCES_PER_MESSAGE = 10;
 
-const REFERENCE_SOURCE_LABELS = {
-  artifact: "生成文件",
-  upload: "上传附件",
-} as const;
-
 type MentionCandidate = {
   key: string;
   filename: string;
@@ -200,6 +195,13 @@ export function InputBox({
   onStop?: () => void;
 }) {
   const { t } = useI18n();
+  const referenceSourceLabels = useMemo(
+    () => ({
+      artifact: t.inputBox.referenceSourceArtifact,
+      upload: t.inputBox.referenceSourceUpload,
+    }),
+    [t],
+  );
   const { thread } = useThread();
   const searchParams = useSearchParams();
   const iframeSkill = useIframeSkill({ threadId: threadIdFromProps });
@@ -280,7 +282,7 @@ export function InputBox({
         pathTail: getPathTail(path),
         ref_source: "artifact" as const,
         ref_kind: "mention" as const,
-        typeLabel: REFERENCE_SOURCE_LABELS.artifact,
+        typeLabel: referenceSourceLabels.artifact,
         isImage: isImageFilename(filename),
         previewUrl: threadId
           ? urlOfArtifact({
@@ -299,7 +301,7 @@ export function InputBox({
         pathTail: getPathTail(file.virtual_path),
         ref_source: "upload" as const,
         ref_kind: "mention" as const,
-        typeLabel: REFERENCE_SOURCE_LABELS.upload,
+        typeLabel: referenceSourceLabels.upload,
         isImage: isImageFilename(file.filename),
         previewUrl: file.artifact_url,
       })) ?? [];
@@ -309,7 +311,13 @@ export function InputBox({
       deduped.set(candidate.key, candidate);
     });
     return [...deduped.values()];
-  }, [thread.values.artifacts, uploadedFilesData?.files, threadId]);
+  }, [
+    referenceSourceLabels.artifact,
+    referenceSourceLabels.upload,
+    thread.values.artifacts,
+    uploadedFilesData?.files,
+    threadId,
+  ]);
 
   const filteredMentionCandidates = useMemo(() => {
     const query = mentionQuery.trim().toLowerCase();
@@ -383,12 +391,12 @@ export function InputBox({
         return prev;
       }
       if (prev.length >= MAX_REFERENCES_PER_MESSAGE) {
-        toast.error("单条消息最多引用 10 个文件");
+        toast.error(t.inputBox.maxReferencesReached);
         return prev;
       }
       return prev.concat(reference);
     });
-  }, []);
+  }, [t.inputBox.maxReferencesReached]);
 
   const selectMentionCandidate = useCallback(
     (candidate: MentionCandidate) => {
@@ -687,7 +695,7 @@ export function InputBox({
               }}
             >
               <DropdownMenuLabel className="p-0 text-[14px] text-[#333333]">
-                添加引用
+                {t.inputBox.addReference}
               </DropdownMenuLabel>
               <DropdownMenuSeparator className="mx-0 mt-[20px] mb-0" />
               <DropdownMenuGroup className="flex pt-[20px] px-0 max-h-[480px] flex-col gap-[10px] overflow-y-auto">
@@ -842,7 +850,7 @@ export function InputBox({
             <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
               {followupsLoading ? (
                 <div className="text-muted-foreground bg-background/80 rounded-full border px-4 py-2 text-xs backdrop-blur-sm">
-                  加载中...
+                  {t.inputBox.followupLoading}
                 </div>
               ) : (
                 <Suggestions className="min-h-16 w-fit items-start">
@@ -872,19 +880,21 @@ export function InputBox({
       <Dialog open={confirmOpen} onOpenChange={setConfirmOpen}>
         <DialogContent>
           <DialogHeader>
-            <DialogTitle>提示</DialogTitle>
+            <DialogTitle>{t.inputBox.followupConfirmTitle}</DialogTitle>
             <DialogDescription>
-              请确认要如何处理当前的追加建议内容？
+              {t.inputBox.followupConfirmDescription}
             </DialogDescription>
           </DialogHeader>
           <DialogFooter>
             <Button variant="outline" onClick={() => setConfirmOpen(false)}>
-              取消
+              {t.common.cancel}
             </Button>
             <Button variant="secondary" onClick={confirmAppendAndSend}>
-              追加内容
+              {t.inputBox.followupConfirmAppend}
+            </Button>
+            <Button onClick={confirmReplaceAndSend}>
+              {t.inputBox.followupConfirmReplace}
             </Button>
-            <Button onClick={confirmReplaceAndSend}>替换发送</Button>
           </DialogFooter>
         </DialogContent>
       </Dialog>
@@ -1165,6 +1175,11 @@ function AttachmentPreviewBar({
   threadId: string;
   onRemoveReference: (reference: PromptInputReference) => void;
 }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n();
+  const referenceSourceLabels = {
+    artifact: t.inputBox.referenceSourceArtifact,
+    upload: t.inputBox.referenceSourceUpload,
+  } as const;
   const attachments = usePromptInputAttachments();
   const hasReferences = references.length > 0;
   const hasAttachmentFiles = attachments.files.length > 0;
@@ -1214,7 +1229,7 @@ function AttachmentPreviewBar({
                   }}
                   data-testid="reference-chip"
                   onRemove={() => onRemoveReference(reference)}
-                  title={`${REFERENCE_SOURCE_LABELS[reference.ref_source]}${reference.path ? ` · ${getPathTail(reference.path)}` : ""}`}
+                  title={`${referenceSourceLabels[reference.ref_source]}${reference.path ? ` · ${getPathTail(reference.path)}` : ""}`}
                 />
               );
             })}

frontend/src/components/workspace/messages/message-list-item.tsx

@@ -387,11 +387,15 @@ function RichFileCard({
         clear_target: true,
       });
       setMaterializeMessage(
-        `已创建 ${result.created_files} 个文件 / ${result.created_directories} 个目录`,
+        t.messageListItem.materializeSuccess(
+          result.created_files,
+          result.created_directories,
+        ),
       );
     } catch (error) {
-      const message = error instanceof Error ? error.message : "解析失败";
+      const message =
-      setMaterializeMessage(`失败: ${message}`);
+        error instanceof Error ? error.message : t.messageListItem.parseFailed;
+      setMaterializeMessage(t.messageListItem.materializeFailed(message));
     } finally {
       setIsMaterializing(false);
     }
@@ -430,7 +434,7 @@ function RichFileCard({
               });
             }}
           >
-            引用
+            {t.common.reference}
           </ContextMenuItem>
         </ContextMenuContent>
       </ContextMenu>
@@ -470,7 +474,9 @@ function RichFileCard({
             }}
             disabled={isMaterializing}
           >
-            {isMaterializing ? "解析中..." : "一键导入为 Skill 目录"}
+            {isMaterializing
+              ? t.messageListItem.materializing
+              : t.messageListItem.importAsSkillDir}
           </Button>
           {materializeMessage && (
             <span className="text-muted-foreground text-[10px] leading-tight">

frontend/src/components/workspace/messages/message-list.tsx

@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ export function MessageList({
             "z-20 rounded-full border bg-white/90 shadow-sm backdrop-blur-sm",
             scrollButtonClassName,
           )}
-          title="滚动到底部"
+          title={t.chats.scrollToBottom}
         />
       )}
     </Conversation>

frontend/src/components/workspace/workspace-header.tsx

@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ export function WorkspaceHeader({ className }: { className?: string }) {
           <div className="flex items-center justify-between gap-2">
             {env.NEXT_PUBLIC_STATIC_WEBSITE_ONLY === "true" ? (
               <Link href="/" className="text-primary ml-2 font-serif">
-                XClaw侧边栏
+                {t.workspaceHeader.sidebarTitle}
               </Link>
             ) : (
               <div className="text-primary ml-2 cursor-default font-serif">

frontend/src/core/i18n/locales/en-US.ts

@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@ export const enUS: Translations = {
     exportAsJSON: "Export as JSON",
     exportSuccess: "Conversation exported",
     removeAttachment: "Remove attachment",
+    reference: "Reference",
   },
 
   // Welcome
@@ -115,6 +116,13 @@ export const enUS: Translations = {
       "You already have text in the input. Choose how to send it.",
     followupConfirmAppend: "Append & send",
     followupConfirmReplace: "Replace & send",
+    submit: "Send",
+    submitting: "Generating...",
+    stop: "Stop",
+    addReference: "Add reference",
+    referenceSourceArtifact: "Generated file",
+    referenceSourceUpload: "Uploaded attachment",
+    maxReferencesReached: "You can reference up to 10 files per message",
     suggestions: [
       {
         suggestion: "Paper Writing",
@@ -248,6 +256,87 @@ export const enUS: Translations = {
   // Chats
   chats: {
     searchChats: "Search chats",
+    scrollToBottom: "Scroll to bottom",
+  },
+
+  // Workspace Chat Page
+  chatPage: {
+    defaultSlogan: "Let's study and work together",
+    missingThreadIdForCreate: "Missing thread_id, cannot create session",
+    createSessionFailed: "Failed to create session, please try again later",
+    conversationFinished: "Conversation finished",
+    missingThreadIdForSend: "Missing thread_id, cannot send message",
+    viewArtifactsTooltip: "Click to view generated artifacts",
+    noArtifactSelectedTitle: "No artifact selected",
+    noArtifactSelectedDescription: "Select an artifact to view its details",
+    exitDialogTitle: "Notice",
+    exitDialogDescription:
+      "Chat history is automatically deleted every seven days. You will return to the welcome page now. Continue?",
+    exitDialogConfirm: "Confirm",
+    selectedSkillLoadFailed: "Failed to load skill",
+    unknownErrorRetry: "An unknown error occurred. Please try again later.",
+  },
+
+  messageListItem: {
+    materializing: "Parsing...",
+    importAsSkillDir: "Import as Skill directory",
+    materializeSuccess: (files: number, directories: number) =>
+      `Created ${files} file(s) / ${directories} director${directories === 1 ? "y" : "ies"}`,
+    parseFailed: "Parse failed",
+    materializeFailed: (message: string) => `Failed: ${message}`,
+  },
+
+  artifactPreview: {
+    pdfPreviewFailed: "Unable to preview this PDF file. Please download it.",
+    unsupportedType: "This file type is not previewable in the custom viewer.",
+    docxPreviewFailed: "Unable to preview this DOCX file.",
+    excelPreviewFailed: "Unable to preview this Excel file.",
+    switchSheetFailed: "Failed to switch worksheet.",
+    excelGridPreviewFailed: "Unable to render Excel grid preview.",
+    pptxDownloadHint: "Please download the PPT file for the best experience.",
+    openInNewTab: "Open in new tab",
+    clickToDownload: "Click to download",
+    pageCountLabel: (fileName: string, pageCount: number) =>
+      `${fileName} · ${pageCount} page(s)`,
+    zoomIn: "Zoom in",
+    zoomOut: "Zoom out",
+    showArtifactsTooltip: "Show artifacts of this conversation",
+  },
+
+  workspaceHeader: {
+    sidebarTitle: "XClaw Sidebar",
+  },
+
+  models: {
+    updating: "System is updating, please wait...",
+    apiUnavailable:
+      "Model API is unavailable. Please check backend routes or service status.",
+  },
+
+  threads: {
+    streamError: "Something went wrong.",
+    invalidThreadId: "Invalid thread id 'new'. Please refresh and retry.",
+    staleReferencesRemoved:
+      "Some referenced files were invalid and were removed automatically.",
+    uploadFailed: "Failed to upload files.",
+    uploadPrepareFailed: (count: number) =>
+      `Failed to prepare ${count} attachment(s) for upload. Please retry.`,
+    threadNotReadyForUpload: "Thread is not ready for file upload.",
+  },
+
+  skills: {
+    loadFailed: "Failed to load skill",
+    missingThreadId: "Missing thread_id, cannot initialize skill",
+    invalidSkillId: "Invalid skill_id",
+    loading: (title: string) => `Loading skill "${title}"...`,
+    loadFailedWithTitle: (title: string) => `Failed to load skill "${title}"`,
+    loadSuccessWithTitle: (title: string) =>
+      `Skill "${title}" loaded successfully`,
+    loadErrorWithTitle: (title: string) => `Error loading skill "${title}"`,
+    unknownError: "Unknown error",
+    networkRequestFailed: "Network request failed",
+    createdFiles: (count: number) => `Created ${count} file(s)`,
+    invalidSkillIdArray: "Invalid skill_id array",
   },
 
   // Page titles (document title)

frontend/src/core/i18n/locales/types.ts

@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@ export interface Translations {
     exportAsJSON: string;
     exportSuccess: string;
     removeAttachment: string;
+    reference: string;
   };
 
   // Welcome
@@ -99,6 +100,13 @@ export interface Translations {
     followupConfirmDescription: string;
     followupConfirmAppend: string;
     followupConfirmReplace: string;
+    submit: string;
+    submitting: string;
+    stop: string;
+    addReference: string;
+    referenceSourceArtifact: string;
+    referenceSourceUpload: string;
+    maxReferencesReached: string;
     suggestions: {
       suggestion: string;
       prompt: string;
@@ -179,6 +187,80 @@ export interface Translations {
   // Chats
   chats: {
     searchChats: string;
+    scrollToBottom: string;
+  };
+
+  // Workspace Chat Page
+  chatPage: {
+    defaultSlogan: string;
+    missingThreadIdForCreate: string;
+    createSessionFailed: string;
+    conversationFinished: string;
+    missingThreadIdForSend: string;
+    viewArtifactsTooltip: string;
+    noArtifactSelectedTitle: string;
+    noArtifactSelectedDescription: string;
+    exitDialogTitle: string;
+    exitDialogDescription: string;
+    exitDialogConfirm: string;
+    selectedSkillLoadFailed: string;
+    unknownErrorRetry: string;
+  };
+
+  messageListItem: {
+    materializing: string;
+    importAsSkillDir: string;
+    materializeSuccess: (files: number, directories: number) => string;
+    parseFailed: string;
+    materializeFailed: (message: string) => string;
+  };
+
+  artifactPreview: {
+    pdfPreviewFailed: string;
+    unsupportedType: string;
+    docxPreviewFailed: string;
+    excelPreviewFailed: string;
+    switchSheetFailed: string;
+    excelGridPreviewFailed: string;
+    pptxDownloadHint: string;
+    openInNewTab: string;
+    clickToDownload: string;
+    pageCountLabel: (fileName: string, pageCount: number) => string;
+    zoomIn: string;
+    zoomOut: string;
+    showArtifactsTooltip: string;
+  };
+
+  workspaceHeader: {
+    sidebarTitle: string;
+  };
+
+  models: {
+    updating: string;
+    apiUnavailable: string;
+  };
+
+  threads: {
+    streamError: string;
+    invalidThreadId: string;
+    staleReferencesRemoved: string;
+    uploadFailed: string;
+    uploadPrepareFailed: (count: number) => string;
+    threadNotReadyForUpload: string;
+  };
+
+  skills: {
+    loadFailed: string;
+    missingThreadId: string;
+    invalidSkillId: string;
+    loading: (title: string) => string;
+    loadFailedWithTitle: (title: string) => string;
+    loadSuccessWithTitle: (title: string) => string;
+    loadErrorWithTitle: (title: string) => string;
+    unknownError: string;
+    networkRequestFailed: string;
+    createdFiles: (count: number) => string;
+    invalidSkillIdArray: string;
   };
 
   // Page titles (document title)

frontend/src/core/i18n/locales/zh-CN.ts

@@ -54,6 +54,7 @@ export const zhCN: Translations = {
     exportAsJSON: "导出为 JSON",
     exportSuccess: "对话已导出",
     removeAttachment: "移除附件",
+    reference: "引用",
   },
 
   // Welcome
@@ -112,6 +113,13 @@ export const zhCN: Translations = {
     followupConfirmDescription: "当前输入框已有内容，选择发送方式。",
     followupConfirmAppend: "追加并发送",
     followupConfirmReplace: "替换并发送",
+    submit: "发送",
+    submitting: "生成中...",
+    stop: "停止",
+    addReference: "添加引用",
+    referenceSourceArtifact: "生成文件",
+    referenceSourceUpload: "上传附件",
+    maxReferencesReached: "单条消息最多引用 10 个文件",
     suggestions: [
       {
         suggestion: "自媒体文案",
@@ -237,6 +245,83 @@ export const zhCN: Translations = {
   // Chats
   chats: {
     searchChats: "搜索对话",
+    scrollToBottom: "滚动到底部",
+  },
+
+  // Workspace Chat Page
+  chatPage: {
+    defaultSlogan: "来，一起学习工作吧",
+    missingThreadIdForCreate: "缺少 thread_id，无法创建会话",
+    createSessionFailed: "会话创建失败，请稍后重试",
+    conversationFinished: "对话已完成",
+    missingThreadIdForSend: "缺少 thread_id，无法发送消息",
+    viewArtifactsTooltip: "点击可查看生成的文件结果",
+    noArtifactSelectedTitle: "未选择生成文件",
+    noArtifactSelectedDescription: "请选择一个生成文件以查看详情",
+    exitDialogTitle: "提示",
+    exitDialogDescription: "历史记录每七天自动删除，现在将返回欢迎页，是否继续？",
+    exitDialogConfirm: "确定",
+    selectedSkillLoadFailed: "技能加载失败",
+    unknownErrorRetry: "发生了未知错误，请稍后重试。",
+  },
+
+  messageListItem: {
+    materializing: "解析中...",
+    importAsSkillDir: "一键导入为 Skill 目录",
+    materializeSuccess: (files: number, directories: number) =>
+      `已创建 ${files} 个文件 / ${directories} 个目录`,
+    parseFailed: "解析失败",
+    materializeFailed: (message: string) => `失败: ${message}`,
+  },
+
+  artifactPreview: {
+    pdfPreviewFailed: "无法预览该 PDF 文件，请下载后查看。",
+    unsupportedType: "该文件类型暂不支持在自定义预览器中查看。",
+    docxPreviewFailed: "无法预览该 DOCX 文件。",
+    excelPreviewFailed: "无法预览该 Excel 文件。",
+    switchSheetFailed: "切换工作表失败。",
+    excelGridPreviewFailed: "无法渲染 Excel 网格预览。",
+    pptxDownloadHint: "请下载 ppt 文件以获得最佳效果",
+    openInNewTab: "在新标签页打开",
+    clickToDownload: "点击下载",
+    pageCountLabel: (fileName: string, pageCount: number) =>
+      `${fileName} · 共 ${pageCount} 页`,
+    zoomIn: "放大",
+    zoomOut: "缩小",
+    showArtifactsTooltip: "查看当前对话的生成文件",
+  },
+
+  workspaceHeader: {
+    sidebarTitle: "XClaw侧边栏",
+  },
+
+  models: {
+    updating: "系统正在更新，请稍候……",
+    apiUnavailable: "模型接口不可用，请检查后端路由或服务状态。",
+  },
+
+  threads: {
+    streamError: "出现了某些错误。",
+    invalidThreadId: "线程 ID 无效（new），请刷新后重试。",
+    staleReferencesRemoved: "部分引用文件已失效，已自动移除并继续发送。",
+    uploadFailed: "文件上传失败。",
+    uploadPrepareFailed: (count: number) =>
+      `准备上传附件失败（${count} 个），请重试。`,
+    threadNotReadyForUpload: "当前线程尚未就绪，无法上传文件。",
+  },
+
+  skills: {
+    loadFailed: "技能加载失败",
+    missingThreadId: "缺少 thread_id，无法初始化技能",
+    invalidSkillId: "无效的 skill_id",
+    loading: (title: string) => `正在加载技能「${title}」...`,
+    loadFailedWithTitle: (title: string) => `技能「${title}」加载失败`,
+    loadSuccessWithTitle: (title: string) => `技能「${title}」加载成功`,
+    loadErrorWithTitle: (title: string) => `技能「${title}」加载出错`,
+    unknownError: "未知错误",
+    networkRequestFailed: "网络请求失败",
+    createdFiles: (count: number) => `已创建 ${count} 个文件`,
+    invalidSkillIdArray: "非法 skill_id 数组",
   },
 
   // Page titles (document title)

frontend/src/core/models/hooks.ts

@@ -2,12 +2,15 @@ import { useQuery } from "@tanstack/react-query";
 import { useEffect } from "react";
 import { toast } from "sonner";
 
+import { useI18n } from "../i18n/hooks";
+
 import { loadModels } from "./api";
 import type { Model } from "./types";
 
 const MODELS_UPDATING_TOAST_ID = "models-server-updating";
 
 export function useModels({ enabled = true }: { enabled?: boolean } = {}) {
+  const { t } = useI18n();
   const { data, isLoading, error, failureReason } = useQuery<Model[], Error>({
     queryKey: ["models"],
     queryFn: () => loadModels(),
@@ -31,7 +34,7 @@ export function useModels({ enabled = true }: { enabled?: boolean } = {}) {
     );
 
     if (serverError) {
-      toast.loading("系统正在更新，请稍候……", {
+      toast.loading(t.models.updating, {
         id: MODELS_UPDATING_TOAST_ID,
       });
       return;
@@ -42,9 +45,9 @@ export function useModels({ enabled = true }: { enabled?: boolean } = {}) {
 
   useEffect(() => {
     if (error?.message.includes("HTTP error: 4")) {
-      toast.error("模型接口不可用，请检查后端路由或服务状态。");
+      toast.error(t.models.apiUnavailable);
     }
-  }, [error]);
+  }, [error, t.models.apiUnavailable]);
 
   return { models: data ?? [], isLoading, error };
 }

frontend/src/core/threads/hooks.ts

@@ -50,7 +50,6 @@ export type LegacyThreadStreamOptions = {
 };
 
 const STREAM_ERROR_FALLBACK_MESSAGE = "Request failed.";
-const STREAM_ERROR_TOAST_MESSAGE = "出现了某些错误。";
 const STREAM_ERROR_TOAST_DEDUPE_WINDOW_MS = 2000;
 const STREAM_CANCEL_PATTERNS = [
   /\bcancellederror\b/i,
@@ -276,8 +275,8 @@ export function useThreadStream({
     lastErrorToastRef.current = { message, timestamp: now };
     console.error("[useThreadStream] conversation stream error:", error);
     console.error("[useThreadStream] parsed error message:", message);
-    toast.error(STREAM_ERROR_TOAST_MESSAGE);
+    toast.error(t.threads.streamError);
-  }, []);
+  }, [t.threads.streamError]);
 
   const handleStreamStart = useCallback(
     (_threadId: string) => {
@@ -407,7 +406,7 @@ export function useThreadStream({
         normalizeThreadId(threadIdRef.current) ??
         undefined;
       if (resolvedThreadId === "new") {
-        toast.error("Invalid thread id 'new'. Please refresh and retry.");
+        toast.error(t.threads.invalidThreadId);
         sendInFlightRef.current = false;
         return;
       }
@@ -503,12 +502,12 @@ export function useThreadStream({
 
             if (failedConversions > 0) {
               throw new Error(
-                `Failed to prepare ${failedConversions} attachment(s) for upload. Please retry.`,
+                t.threads.uploadPrepareFailed(failedConversions),
               );
             }
 
             if (!resolvedThreadId) {
-              throw new Error("Thread is not ready for file upload.");
+              throw new Error(t.threads.threadNotReadyForUpload);
             }
 
             if (files.length > 0) {
@@ -545,9 +544,7 @@ export function useThreadStream({
           } catch (error) {
             console.error("Failed to upload files:", error);
             const errorMessage =
-              error instanceof Error
+              error instanceof Error ? error.message : t.threads.uploadFailed;
-                ? error.message
-                : "Failed to upload files.";
             toast.error(errorMessage);
             setOptimisticMessages([]);
             throw error;
@@ -563,7 +560,7 @@ export function useThreadStream({
           normalizedReferences,
         );
         if (staleCount > 0) {
-          toast.error("部分引用文件已失效，已自动移除并继续发送。");
+          toast.error(t.threads.staleReferencesRemoved);
         }
 
         await thread.submit(
@@ -621,6 +618,11 @@ export function useThreadStream({
       thread,
       _handleOnStart,
       t.uploads.uploadingFiles,
+      t.threads.invalidThreadId,
+      t.threads.uploadPrepareFailed,
+      t.threads.threadNotReadyForUpload,
+      t.threads.uploadFailed,
+      t.threads.staleReferencesRemoved,
       context,
       queryClient,
       apiClient,
@@ -659,12 +661,13 @@ export function useSubmitThread({
   uploadTarget?: UploadTarget;
   afterSubmit?: () => void;
 }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n();
   const queryClient = useQueryClient();
   const apiClient = getAPIClient();
   const callback = useCallback(
     async (message: PromptInputMessage) => {
       if (threadId === "new") {
-        toast.error("Invalid thread id 'new'. Please refresh and retry.");
+        toast.error(t.threads.invalidThreadId);
         return;
       }
       const text = message.text.trim();
@@ -730,7 +733,7 @@ export function useSubmitThread({
         normalizedReferences,
       );
       if (staleCount > 0) {
-        toast.error("部分引用文件已失效，已自动移除并继续发送。");
+        toast.error(t.threads.staleReferencesRemoved);
       }
 
       await thread.submit(
@@ -769,6 +772,8 @@ export function useSubmitThread({
     },
     [
       thread,
+      t.threads.invalidThreadId,
+      t.threads.staleReferencesRemoved,
       createNewSession,
       threadId,
       threadContext,

frontend/src/hooks/use-iframe-skill.ts

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import {
   type SelectedSkillPayloadItem,
   sendToParent,
 } from "@/core/iframe-messages";
+import { useI18n } from "@/core/i18n/hooks";
 import { bootstrapRemoteSkill } from "@/core/skills/api";
 
 // Skill 数据类型
@@ -79,6 +80,7 @@ interface UseIframeSkillOptions {
 export function useIframeSkill(
   options?: UseIframeSkillOptions,
 ): UseIframeSkillReturn {
+  const { t } = useI18n();
   const router = useRouter();
   const searchParams = useSearchParams();
   const threadIdFromQuery = searchParams.get("thread_id");
@@ -251,8 +253,8 @@ export function useIframeSkill(
       title: string;
     }) => {
       if (!threadId) {
-        toast.error("技能加载失败", {
+        toast.error(t.skills.loadFailed, {
-          description: "缺少 thread_id，无法初始化技能",
+          description: t.skills.missingThreadId,
         });
         return false;
       }
@@ -266,8 +268,8 @@ export function useIframeSkill(
       );
 
       if (content_ids.length === 0) {
-        toast.error("技能加载失败", {
+        toast.error(t.skills.loadFailed, {
-          description: "无效的 skill_id",
+          description: t.skills.invalidSkillId,
         });
         return false;
       }
@@ -278,7 +280,7 @@ export function useIframeSkill(
       const languageType = languageTypeRaw ? Number(languageTypeRaw) : 0;
 
       setIsBootstrapping(true);
-      toast.loading(`正在加载技能「${title}」...`, {
+      toast.loading(t.skills.loading(title), {
         id: "suggest-skill-bootstrap",
       });
 
@@ -298,8 +300,8 @@ export function useIframeSkill(
             String(item.id).trim(),
           );
           removeFailedSkills(failedIds);
-          toast.error(`技能「${title}」加载失败`, {
+          toast.error(t.skills.loadFailedWithTitle(title), {
-            description: result.message || "未知错误",
+            description: result.message || t.skills.unknownError,
           });
           return false;
         }
@@ -312,9 +314,8 @@ export function useIframeSkill(
         setSelectedSkill(normalizedSkills[0] ?? null);
         setSelectedSkills(normalizedSkills);
 
-        toast.success(`技能「${title}」加载成功`, {
+        toast.success(t.skills.loadSuccessWithTitle(title), {
-          description:
+          description: result.message || t.skills.createdFiles(result.created_files),
-            result.message || `已创建 ${result.created_files} 个文件`,
         });
 
         return true;
@@ -322,8 +323,9 @@ export function useIframeSkill(
         const failedIds = selectedSkills.map((item) => String(item.id).trim());
         removeFailedSkills(failedIds);
         toast.dismiss("suggest-skill-bootstrap");
-        const message = error instanceof Error ? error.message : "网络请求失败";
+        const message =
-        toast.error(`技能「${title}」加载失败`, {
+          error instanceof Error ? error.message : t.skills.networkRequestFailed;
+        toast.error(t.skills.loadFailedWithTitle(title), {
           description: message,
         });
         return false;
@@ -331,7 +333,7 @@ export function useIframeSkill(
         setIsBootstrapping(false);
       }
     },
-    [removeFailedSkills, searchParams, sendSelectSkill, threadId],
+    [removeFailedSkills, searchParams, sendSelectSkill, t.skills, threadId],
   );
 
   // 打开 skill 选择对话框

frontend/src/hooks/use-selected-skill-listener.ts

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import {
   isSelectedSkillsMessage,
   type SelectedSkillPayloadItem,
 } from "@/core/iframe-messages";
+import { useI18n } from "@/core/i18n/hooks";
 import { bootstrapRemoteSkill } from "@/core/skills/api";
 
 /** 技能基础数据 */
@@ -46,6 +47,7 @@ interface UseSelectedSkillListenerReturn {
 export function useSelectedSkillListener({
   threadId,
 }: UseSelectedSkillListenerOptions): UseSelectedSkillListenerReturn {
+  const { t } = useI18n();
   const searchParams = useSearchParams();
   const [selectedSkill, setSelectedSkill] = useState<SkillData | null>(null);
   const [skillError, setSkillError] = useState<SkillError | null>(null);
@@ -67,8 +69,8 @@ export function useSelectedSkillListener({
       if (contentIds.length === 0) {
         console.warn("[useSelectedSkillListener] 忽略非法 skill ids", skills);
         setSkillError({
-          title: `技能「${title}」加载失败`,
+          title: t.skills.loadFailedWithTitle(title),
-          message: "非法 skill_id 数组",
+          message: t.skills.invalidSkillIdArray,
         });
         return;
       }
@@ -87,7 +89,7 @@ export function useSelectedSkillListener({
         `[useSelectedSkillListener] 开始初始化技能: ${title} (${contentIds.join(",")})`,
       );
       setIsBootstrapping(true);
-      toast.loading(`正在加载技能「${title}」...`, { id: "skill-bootstrap" });
+      toast.loading(t.skills.loading(title), { id: "skill-bootstrap" });
 
       try {
         const result = await bootstrapRemoteSkill({
@@ -102,26 +104,26 @@ export function useSelectedSkillListener({
 
         if (result.success) {
           skillBootstrappedKeyRef.current = initKey;
-          toast.success(`技能「${title}」加载成功`, {
+          toast.success(t.skills.loadSuccessWithTitle(title), {
-            description:
+            description: result.message || t.skills.createdFiles(result.created_files),
-              result.message || `已创建 ${result.created_files} 个文件`,
             duration: 4000,
           });
         } else {
           setSkillError({
-            title: `技能「${title}」加载失败`,
+            title: t.skills.loadFailedWithTitle(title),
-            message: result.message || "未知错误",
+            message: result.message || t.skills.unknownError,
           });
         }
       } catch (err) {
         toast.dismiss("skill-bootstrap");
-        const message = err instanceof Error ? err.message : "网络请求失败";
+        const message =
-        setSkillError({ title: `技能「${title}」加载出错`, message });
+          err instanceof Error ? err.message : t.skills.networkRequestFailed;
+        setSkillError({ title: t.skills.loadErrorWithTitle(title), message });
       } finally {
         setIsBootstrapping(false);
       }
     },
-    [threadId, searchParams],
+    [threadId, searchParams, t.skills],
   );
 
   // 1. URL 初始化集成